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From: danny@cs.su.oz.au (Danny Yee)
Date: Sat, 14 Jan 1995 21:01:48 +1000
Subject: Book Review - The Coevolutionary Process
title: The Coevolutionary Process
by: John N. Thompson
publisher: The University of Chicago Press 1994
subjects: biology, ecology, evolution
other: 376 pages, b&w illustrations, bibliography, index, US$19.95
Thompson's title is slightly misleading, since the larger part of _The
Coevolutionary Process_ is devoted to specialization ('a limitation in
the number of other species with which a particular species interacts')
rather than specifically to coevolution ('reciprocal evolutionary
change in interacting species'). The first three chapters provide an
introduction to the subject and its history. Despite early connections
between ecology and evolution, with Darwin's "entangled bank" and
studies of mimicry and pollination, a rift developed between ecology
and evolution. Since the modern synthesis that rift has been closed:
specialization is no longer dismissed as an evolutionary "dead end",
the emphasis has shifted away from group selection, evolutionary
ecology has become a discipline in its own right and new approaches
to the study of coevolution have been developed.
The next three chapters (part two) look at specialization from
different perspectives. First from a phylogenetic perspective,
arguing that specialization is not necessarily derived and that the
evidence for phylogenetic tracking (parallel speciation in different
taxa) is weak. Then from the point of view of molecular genetics,
with a close look at a few cases where the underlying genetics of
specialization are understood. Finally from the point of view
of ontogeny, explaining how complex life cycles and ontogenetic
compartmentalization make specialization to multiple hosts possible.
In all three cases the importance of a geographical perspective
is stressed.
Part three looks at specialization in different kinds of interactions.
Parasitism (and particularly endosymbiotic parasitism) is conducive to
extreme specialization, and specialization is more common in parasitic
taxa than once thought, with what were once thought to be single
species attacking multiple hosts often turning out to be complexes
of sibling species or geographically differentiated populations.
This is also true for free-living grazers and predators, though here
specialization is less extreme. Specialization is harder for victims,
but it is possible for them to maintain defenses to multiple attackers,
and feedback between predator prey populations can produce geographical
patterns in specialization. Two chapters deal with mutualism.
Extreme mutualism is only common in intimate symbiotic interactions,
but short-term mutualisms can spread and expand to include many species
and to produce complicated geographical structures. A number of things
limit mutualist specialization: the tendency to attract new species,
the difficulty of "screening" out free-loaders, and interference from
other interactions that affect host fitness.
Part four finally brings us to coevolution. Thompson first argues that
there is no correlation between the mode of inheritance (gene-for-gene
or polygenic) and the existence of coevolution. He then presents the
outlines of a geographic mosaic theory of coevolution, contrasting it
with approaches that deal only with local populations. (This follows
up on the emphasis on a geographical perspective throughout the
preceding discussion of specialization.) He then looks at various
aspects of coevolution in the light of this theory. Coevolution can
play an important role in speciation, especially in pollinated plants
and endosymbiont afflicted species. There are connections between
coevolution and sex, and it can be hard to define coevolution when
one of the species involved is asexual. Asymmetries in evolutionary
interactions may result from new species joining interactions or from
speciation. There are many ways in which groups of species rather
than pairs can coevolve -- coevolutionary alternation, successional
cycles, coevolutionary turnover -- and there is no need to put these
in the too hard basket of "diffuse coevolution". The final chapter
completes the demolition of "diffuse coevolution" as a useful category
by looking at some examples of extremely complicated interactions --
such as 'escape and radiation' and the interactions of birds with
fruit and flowers -- and suggesting ways in which concrete hypotheses
about coevolution can be formulated and tested even for these.
--
Thompson covers an extraordinary breadth of material, with examples
drawn from an wide range of taxa and based on both laboratory
experiments and fieldwork. (_The Coevolutionary Process_ is almost a
review of work on specialization and coevolution; over a thousand works
are listed in the fifty page bibliography.) Despite this breadth,
he manages to include detailed discussion of critical case studies and
never allows the volume of empirical data to obscure the theoretical
perspective; he manages a very nicely judged balance between the two.
Thompson's arguments for the importance of a geographical perspective
in the study of specialization and coevolution are compelling, but
I suspect _The Coevolutionary Process_ will be better remembered for
becoming one of the standard introductions to evolutionary ecology.
It assumes a basic knowledge of ecology and of molecular and population
genetics, but it should be accessible to anyone with a background in
the biological sciences; it is recommended reading for anyone with
an interest in evolutionary ecology.
--
Disclaimer: I requested and received a review copy of _The
Coevolutionary Process_ from the University of Chicago Press, but I have
no stake, financial or otherwise, in its success.
--
%T The Coevolutionary Process
%A John N. Thompson
%I The University of Chicago Press
%C Chicago
%D 1994
%O paperback, bibliography, index
%G ISBN 0-226-79760-0
%P xi,376pp
%K biology, ecology, evolution
Danny Yee (danny@cs.su.oz.au)
14 January 1995
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All book reviews by Danny Yee are available via anonymous FTP
ftp.anatomy.su.oz.au in /danny/book-reviews (index INDEX) or
URL http://www.anatomy.su.oz.au/danny/book-reviews/index.html
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Copyright (C) Danny Yee 1994 : Comments and criticism welcome
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